Originally from South Africa . Qualified as a pharmacist, and then graduated at Wits Medical School as a medical doctor. After spending 7 years in general practice,specialised in anaesthetics and remained in private anaesthetic practice for the next 30 years. During the War of Attrition in 1969 worked as a volunteer anaesthetist at the Tel Hashomer hospital and a few years later, 1974, at the Rambam Hospital, Haifa for a shorter period Following Aliya in 1988 worked part time at the Assuta Hospital, Tel Aviv for a few years.